Fields and expansions

Canada, United States

In Canada and the United States this is the value on the property tax roll of the local assessment authority: a city, a county or a provincial assessment agency.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands this is the valuation of immovable property (WOZ value), which the municipality sets on every home each year for its taxes: by law the price the home would have fetched on the reference date.

Latvia

In Latvia this is the state's current official valuation, set on 1 January 2025 from 2022 market prices and held at no more than 80 percent of the average price level. Latvia still charges property tax on an older value built on 2012 and 2013 prices, so this figure is not yet its tax base.

Slovenia

In Slovenia this is the generalised market value the Surveying and Mapping Authority's mass valuation sets on every part of a building, the land under it counted in.

Norway

In Norway this is the tax value a municipality's property tax list gives the home, which Oslo publishes as a workbook. By law it is 70 percent of the home's valuation, which for most homes is the Tax Administration's estimate of its market value, so it is lower than the price the home would fetch.

South Korea

In South Korea this is the official price the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport sets every 1 January on each flat, row house and multi household house, the base of the property tax. A detached house among the Ministry's standard houses takes its standard house price, and other detached houses have no value here.

France

In France the total is a listing's salles de bains (rooms with a bathtub) and salles d'eau (shower rooms) together. A toilet in a room of its own (WC) is not counted, because French listings do not count them.

Poland

In Poland no register counts a home's bathrooms. A house takes the bathrooms (łazienki, rooms with a bathtub or a shower) the description of its listing states, a count such as "2 łazienki", or one where the description names a single bathroom and no other. A toilet in a room of its own (WC) is not counted.

Switzerland, Czechia

In Switzerland and Czechia no register counts a home's bathrooms. A home takes the bathrooms the description of its listing states, a count such as "zwei Badezimmer", "deux salles de bains" or "dvě koupelny", or one where the description names a single bathroom and no other. A toilet in a room of its own (WC) is not counted.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands the total is the bathrooms (badkamers) and the toilets in a room of their own (aparte toiletten) a listing's property page states.

South Korea

In South Korea no register counts a home's bathrooms. A flat takes the bathrooms (욕실) a listing of its floor plan states, every flat of one building with one exclusive area being one plan, and a house the bathrooms its own listing states.

United Kingdom

In England and Wales this figure comes from the 2021 lower layer super output area, of about 1,500 residents, and in Scotland from the 2022 data zone, of about 800.

Czechia

In Czechia this figure is published per municipality (obec), and every basic settlement unit of the municipality carries it.

Slovenia

In Slovenia this figure is published per municipality (občina), and every settlement of the municipality carries it.

Latvia

In Latvia this figure is published per municipality, and every 1 km grid square of the municipality carries it.

France

In France this figure comes from the IRIS area, of about 2,000 residents.

Spain

In Spain this figure comes from Eurostat's 2021 census table for the province or island (NUTS 3), and every census section of it carries it.

Finland

In Finland this figure is published per municipality (kunta), and every postal code area of the municipality carries it.

Poland

In Poland this figure comes from the statistical region (rejon statystyczny).

Norway

In Norway this figure is published per municipality (kommune), and every basic statistical unit of the municipality carries it.

Austria

In Austria this figure comes from Eurostat's 2021 census table for the NUTS 3 region, a group of districts, and every census district of the region carries it.

Estonia

In Estonia this figure is published per municipality, and every 1 km grid square of the municipality carries it.

Switzerland

In Switzerland this figure comes from Eurostat's 2021 census table for the canton (NUTS 3), and every 1 km grid square of the canton carries it.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands the households with and without children come from the neighbourhood (buurt), each split into couples and single parents in the proportions of its municipality.

Canada

Canada publishes the median and the average, each before and after tax, for each census dissemination area, in the dollars of 2021.

United States

The United States publishes the median and the average before tax only, in the dollars of 2024, because its census survey publishes no after tax income, so the two after tax fields are empty for every American property.

United Kingdom

England and Wales publish the average before tax only, from the official small area income estimates for each middle layer super output area, of about 7,500 residents, in the money of the year to March 2023. Scotland has no household income figure.

Czechia

Czechia publishes the averages before and after tax for whole regions (kraje) only, from the national household survey, and every home of a region carries its region's figures.

Slovenia

Slovenia publishes the average after tax for whole statistical regions only, from the national household survey, and every home of a region carries its region's figure.

Latvia

Latvia publishes the median and the average after tax for whole planning regions only, from the national household survey, and every home of a region carries its region's figures.

France

France publishes the average before and after tax per commune, from the tax administration's income statistics over the census households, and every IRIS area of the commune carries it.

Spain

Spain publishes the average before and after tax for each census section, from the household income atlas.

Netherlands

The Netherlands publishes the median and the average after tax per municipality (gemeente), and every neighbourhood of the municipality carries them. The smallest municipalities are withheld.

Finland

Finland publishes the median and the average after tax for each postal code area.

Poland

Poland publishes the average after tax for whole voivodeships only, from the household budget survey, and every home of a voivodeship carries its figure.

Norway

Norway publishes the median before and after tax for each statistical tract (delområde), a handful of neighbouring basic statistical units, or for the municipality where the tract has none.

Austria

Austria publishes the median and the average after tax for whole federal states only, from the national household survey, and every home of a state carries its state's figures.

Estonia

Estonia publishes the average after tax for whole NUTS 3 regions only, and every home of a region carries its region's figure.

Switzerland

Switzerland publishes the averages before and after tax for whole major regions (Grossregionen) only, from the household budget survey, and every home of a region carries its region's figures.

South Korea

South Korea publishes the average before tax for whole provinces only, in the Survey of Household Finances and Living Conditions, and every home of a province carries its province's figure.

Slovenia

In Slovenia, where asking prices are not published for a particular home, the model learns from each home's recorded sale price adjusted by its area's usual gap between asking and sale prices.

United Kingdom

In England, Wales and Scotland this is the total floor area the home's energy performance certificate measures, inside the walls and over every storey, or else the floor area its listing states.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands this is the usable floor area (gebruiksoppervlakte) the address register records for the dwelling, which is measured inside the outer walls and counts the inner walls with the rooms.

Slovenia

In Slovenia this is the usable floor area (uporabna površina) the real estate register records for the dwelling.

Switzerland

In Switzerland this is the dwelling's floor area the federal building and dwelling register records.

Estonia

In Estonia this is the area the address register records for a flat. A house has no area there and takes an estimate.

South Korea

In South Korea a flat's figure is its exclusive area (전용면적), the floor of the flat alone, without the stairs, corridors and other parts its building shares and without the balcony. A detached house's figure is the gross floor area of every storey the building register records.

Poland

In Poland a flat's figure is the usable area (powierzchnia użytkowa) its latest sale deed states. A home no deed measures takes the floor area its listing states, and every other home an estimate.

Finland

In Finland a house of one apartment takes the apartment floor area (huoneistoala) the building register records. A building of several apartments is one row there and takes an estimate.

France

In France a house takes the living area (surface habitable) its energy performance diagnosis states, and a home with a listing the living area the listing states. Every other home takes an estimate.

Spain

In Spain the cadastre records only the gross built area (superficie construida), which counts the outer walls, garages and storerooms. For a parcel holding one home the living area is estimated as that gross area times the share of the built area that the useful area (superficie útil) of the area's house listings makes up. Every other home takes an estimate from the homes around it.

Czechia

In Czechia the register records only the gross floor area of every storey, cellars and garages included. A home with a listing takes the floor area the listing states, and a house without one is estimated as its gross floor area times the living share its matched house listings measure.

Latvia

In Latvia the cadastre records a flat's total area, a balcony or loggia counted with the rooms, so a flat's figure is estimated as that total area times the share its building's dwellings have without their balconies and terraces. A one dwelling house takes the dwelling area the cadastre records without them.

Norway, Austria

In Norway and Austria no open register gives a home's floor area, so a home takes the living area its listing states, and every other home an estimate.

United Kingdom

In England and Wales a home that stands alone inside the polygon of a freehold title HM Land Registry holds takes that polygon's area. Every other home in England, Wales and Scotland takes an estimate.

Spain, France, Austria

In Spain and France a house takes the area of its cadastral parcel, the plot with its garden, and in Austria a home takes the area of the one parcel its address is on where no other address shares that parcel.

South Korea, Latvia

In South Korea a house takes the site area (대지면적) the building register records, and in Latvia a house takes the area of its property's land where the property holds all of it whole.

Switzerland, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland

In these countries no open register gives a home's land, so a home takes the plot area its listing states, and every other home an estimate.

Slovenia

In Slovenia a house's land area is the land cadastre's area of the parcels its building stands on. A yard the cadastre draws as a separate parcel is not counted. A house whose parcel holds the building alone, or holds another building with a home, gets an estimate instead. A flat shares its building's land and gets none of its own.

United States

An American home whose own records and street give no ZIP code takes the code of the census ZIP code area its point falls in. Each area is drawn from the ZIP code most addresses of each census block use, so on the homes that do state a code, the area's code is the stated one about 98 times in 100. A ZIP code used only for post office boxes or by one large mailer has no area, so it is never given this way.

Canada, United States

In Canada and the United States the type comes from the assessment rolls, which name the kind of building, and from listings.

United Kingdom

In England, Wales and Scotland the type comes from the home's energy performance certificate, which is lodged for one home, so every flat has a row of its own. A flat or maisonette is an Apartment and a park home is Manufactured. A house or bungalow is a House when detached, a Duplex when semi-detached and a Townhouse when terraced.

Czechia

In Czechia a family house or recreation cottage of one home is a House when its outline shares no wall with another home's building, a Duplex when it is one of a pair, and a Townhouse when it stands in a row. The register counts the flats of a building but gives them no rows of their own, so a building of two or more flats has one row at each of its addresses, typed as the whole building: a Duplex for two flats and a Multiplex for more.

Poland

In Poland a single family house or summer house at one address point is a House when its outline shares no wall with another home's building, a Duplex when it is one of a pair, and a Townhouse when it stands in a row. A block of flats has one row for the whole building, a Multiplex, and a flat named in a sale deed has a row of its own as an Apartment.

Finland

In Finland a detached house or a free-time residence of one apartment is a House. The building register counts the apartments of a building but gives them no rows of their own, so a building of two or more apartments, whether a semi-detached pair, a row house (rivitalo) or a block of flats, is typed as the whole building: a Duplex for two apartments and a Multiplex for more.

France

In France a building of one dwelling in individual residential use is a House when its outline shares no wall with another home's building, a Duplex when it is one of a pair, and a Townhouse when it stands in a row. A building of two or more dwellings has one row at its main address for the whole building, a Duplex for two dwellings and a Multiplex for more, as its flats have no rows of their own.

Spain

In Spain a residential building of one dwelling is a House when its footprint shares no wall with another home's building, a Duplex when it is one of a pair, and a Townhouse when it stands in a row. The cadastre counts the dwellings of a parcel but gives them no rows of their own, so a building of two or more dwellings has one row at each of its addresses, typed as the whole building: a Duplex for two dwellings and a Multiplex for more.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands every dwelling of the address register has a row of its own. A dwelling alone in its building is a House when the building shares no wall with another home's building, a Duplex when it is one of a pair, and a Townhouse when it stands in a row. A dwelling in a building of two is a Duplex and one in a building of three or more an Apartment, so the houses of a terrace a municipality drew as one building read as Apartments.

Switzerland

In Switzerland every dwelling of the federal building and dwelling register has a row of its own. The one dwelling of a residential building is a House and one of two dwellings a Duplex. A dwelling of a residential building of three or more is a Townhouse where every dwelling has its own entrance, a row of houses the register keeps as one building, and an Apartment otherwise. The one dwelling of a building mainly used for something else, such as a caretaker's flat or a farmhouse in a barn, takes an estimate from the homes around it.

Norway

In Norway every use unit of the cadastre has a row, typed by its building's type. A detached house, a farmhouse or a holiday cabin is a House, a home in a two dwelling house a Duplex, a row, chain or terraced house a Townhouse, a home in another small house of three or more dwellings a Multiplex, and a flat in a block or a service housing centre an Apartment.

Slovenia

In Slovenia every dwelling the real estate register holds has a row. A dwelling in a one dwelling building is a House when the building stands alone and a Townhouse when it stands at the end or in the middle of a row. A dwelling in a two dwelling building is a Duplex, and a flat is an Apartment in a building of three or more homes and a Duplex in one of two.

Estonia

In Estonia a house is a House and a section of a row house a Townhouse. A flat is typed by its building's use, a Townhouse in a row house, a Duplex in a two dwelling house and an Apartment in a block of flats, or, where the use names none of those, by its building's dwellings: a Duplex for two and an Apartment for more.

Latvia

In Latvia the cadastre's use of the dwelling gives the type: a dwelling in a house of three or more dwellings is an Apartment, one in a two dwelling house a Duplex, and a one dwelling house a House. The cadastre does not say whether a house shares a wall, so a terraced house of one dwelling is a House.

South Korea

In South Korea every unit of a building registered as a collective building is an Apartment, and a registered detached house is a House.

Austria

In Austria the address register counts no dwellings in a building of flats and does not say whether a house stands alone, so it names no type. A home a listing is matched to takes the type its listing's words name where they name one, and every other home takes an estimate.

Canada

In Canada the score maps the Crime Severity Index Statistics Canada publishes for each police service, which weighs every crime by the sentences courts give for it: an index of 30 or below scores 10 and 150 or above scores 0.

United States

In the United States the score is a rate of the offences known to each law enforcement agency (the FBI's Crime Data Explorer), a violent offence weighing eight times a property offence, per 1,000 residents a year, mapped onto 0 to 10 between two fixed rates. Every country outside Canada uses the same weighting and the same two rates.

United Kingdom

In England and Wales the score is worked out for each 2021 lower layer super output area (about 1,500 residents) from the street level crimes of data.police.uk over 36 months. In Scotland it is worked out for each data zone from the crime domain of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020, the crimes recorded in 2017 and 2018, as Police Scotland publishes no street level crimes. Both use the American weighting and rates.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands the score is worked out for each neighbourhood (buurt) from the crimes the police registered there, published by Statistics Netherlands, with the American weighting and rates.

France

In France the score is worked out for each commune from the crimes the police and the gendarmerie recorded (the Ministry of the Interior's commune base), with the American weighting and rates. A commune with too few crimes for the ministry to publish its count takes the rate of the withheld communes of its département.

Estonia

In Estonia the score is worked out for each square kilometre from the offences the Police and Border Guard Board publishes on its grid, with the American weighting and rates. The board publishes no assaults, so the violent offences are robbery and serious breaches of public order.

Finland, Norway

In Finland and Norway the score is worked out for each municipality from the offences the national statistics office publishes (in Norway the average of the latest two years), with the American weighting and rates, so every home of a municipality shares one score.

Switzerland, Czechia

In Switzerland the score is worked out for each canton and in Czechia for each of the fourteen regions (kraje), the finest areas their statistics offices publish police offences for, with the American weighting and rates, so every home of a canton or region shares one score.

Poland

In Poland the score is worked out for each district (powiat) from the crimes against life and health and against property per 1,000 residents in Statistics Poland's Local Data Bank, with the American weighting and rates.

Spain

In Spain the score is worked out from the Ministry of the Interior's crime balance for each municipality of over 20,000 residents, and the rest of each province shares one score, with the American weighting and rates.

South Korea

In South Korea the score is worked out for each city, county and district (시군구) from the National Police Agency's crimes by region, with the American weighting and rates, so every administrative neighbourhood (dong) of a district shares one score.

Slovenia

In Slovenia the score is worked out for each of the 58 administrative units (upravne enote) from the criminal offences the police closed, with the American weighting and rates.

Austria, Latvia

Austria and Latvia have no safety score. Austria's police publish offences by district only inside reports, never as a table. Latvia publishes offences by type for the country only, and its municipalities' recorded crimes, split by the country's shares, would all score 10.